World War I

World war 1 also known as the First world war or Great War . It originated in Europe and lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

Belligerents The main Belligerent of the war were  ◆ Allied Powers  ◆ Central Powers

Allied powers:                 ●France            ●British Empire           ●Russia (1914-17)           ●Serbia           ●Montenegro            ●Belgium            ●Japan           ●Italy(1915-18)           ●United States           ●Romania (1916-18)           ●Portugal (1916-18)           ●Hejas (1916-18)           ●China (1917-18)           ●Greece (1917-18)           ●Siam(1917-18); etc European diplomatic alignments shortly before the war. The Ottomans joined with Germany shortly after the war started. Italy became neutral in 1914 and joined the Entente in 1915. ◆Central Powers ;           ●Germany            ●Bulgaria (1915-18)           ●Ottoman Empire           ●Austria - Hungary Empire ; etc CAUSES OF THE WAR :  The war started mainly because of four aspects: ●Militarism, ●Alliances, ●Imperialism and ●Nationalism  The main event that led to uprising of the war was On 28 June 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslavian nationalist assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand  in Sarajevo .  In response, on 23 July, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing. Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun. The war and it's nature : When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia got involved to defend Serbia. Germany, seeing that Russia was mobilizing, declared war on Russia. France was then drawn in against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany attacked France by marching through Belgium pulling Britain into war. Then Japan entered the war. Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies. World War I saw a change in warfare, from the hand-to-hand style of older wars to the inclusion of weapons that used technology and removed the individual from close combat.  Forces and resources of the combatant nations in 1914 : When war broke out, the Allied Powers  possessed greater overall demographic , industrial, and military resources than the Central powers and enjoyed easier access to the oceans for trade with neutral countries, particularly with the United States. How did the war end ???? World War One ended at 11am on the eleventh day of the eleventh month, in 1918. Germany signed an armistice, which is an agreement for peace and no more fighting, that had been prepared by Britain and France. In 1918, Germany and her allies realised it was no longer possible to win the war. Furthermore, the United States joined the war in April 1917, which gave the Triple Entente greater power. The leaders of the German army told the German government to end the fighting. Kaiser Wilhelm, Germany's leader, left his job on 9 November 1918. Two days later on 11 November 1918, Germany signed the armistice and the guns fell silent. People in Britain, France and all of the countries that supported them, celebrated the end of war - a war that had lasted four years and four months Outcomes and result  : The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I is estimated to be about 40 million: estimates range from 20.5 to 22 million deaths and about 20 to 22 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history. Deaths/Wounded: Allied Power: The total number of deaths in allied power lies b/w 9,235,553 – 10,080,391 which is equal to 1.05% – 1.25% of the total population of allied countries & More than 11,611,271 troops wounded in this conflict Central Powers: The total number of deaths in central power lies b/w 6,997,920 – 8,341,264 which is equal to 4.92% – 5.87% of the total population of countries that are in central power. When the delegates of the 'victorious' powers met at Versailles near Paris in 1918 to attempt to create a peace settlement, they faced a Europe that was very different to that of 1914, and one that was in a state of turmoil and chaos. The old empires of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary had disappeared, and various successor states were struggling to replace them. A communist revolution spreading across Europe. In addition, there had been terrible destruction, and the population of Europe now faced the problems of starvation, displacement, and a lethal flu epidemic. Against this difficult background, the leaders of France, Britain, the USA, and Italy attempted to create a peace settlement. That later became the reason of world war 2, which we will continue in the next blog . Thank you ..Keep reading .

चेरनोबिल त्रासदी :मानव इतिहास की सबसे बड़ी परमाणु दुर्घटना

◆ चेरनोबिल परमाणु संयंत्र त्रासदी :-

यूक्रेन  में अवस्थित चेरनोबिल परमाणु संयंत्र 26 अप्रैल 1986 को तब त्रासदी घटित हुई जब उसके चार रिएक्टर कार्यरत थे। तत्कालीन USSR ने अपने भविष्य को  देखते हुए प्रिप्यात (Pripyat) शहर बसाने का निश्चय किया साथ ही शहर की विद्युत् आपूर्ति के लिए चेरनोबिल नामक जगह पर परमाणु संयंत्र स्थापित किया गया।

चेरनोबिल  परमाणु संयंत्र का औपचारिक नाम V.I. Lenin Atomic Power Plant था  . प्रिप्यात शहर USSR का नौवां परमाणु शहर था। इस संयंत्र पर कार्य की शुरुआत 1970 से हो गयी थी ,और पहली यूनिट 1977 में बनकर तैयार हुआ

. पहली यूनिट - 1977
. दूसरी यूनिट - 1978
. तीसरी यूनिट - 1981
. चौथी यूनिट - 1983

◆ कारण एवं तथ्य ;

 इन  संयंत्रों के ऑपरेटर इन चार रिएक्टर में से एक में विद्युत् नियंत्रण प्रणाली का परिक्षण कर रहे थे।।  वस्तुतः सुरक्षा प्रणाली बंद कर दी गयी थी और रिएक्टर में गैरजरूरी तथा अस्थाई स्थितियों से कार्य का संचालन हो रहा था,अनियंत्रित तरीके से विद्युत् का प्रवाह बढ़ गया जिससे अनियंत्रित विद्युत् प्रवाह होने के कारण ऊष्मा में वृद्धि हुई जो ईधन के गर्म कणो की अभिक्रिया जल से हुई तथा इस कारण वाष्पयुक्त विस्फोट हुआ। इससे अन्य प्रेशर ट्यूबों को भी नुक़सान पंहुचा परिणामस्वरूप और अधिक विस्फोट हुआ। रिएक्टर में इंजीनियरिंग की आधारभूत कमियों तथा ऑपरेटर की गलती के कारण यह दुर्घटना हुआ।

इस त्रासदी के कारण  बड़ी मात्रा में पर्यावरण में रेडियोसक्रिय पदार्थ  उत्सर्जित होने लगे। ऑपरेटरो ने बिना पर्याप्त सुरक्षा सावधानी और बिना आपसी समन्वय के बहुत ही कम विद्युत् ऊर्जा के साथ संयंत्र का संचालन किया। कुछ स्रोत बताते हैं की यह परमाणु विस्फोट, संयंत्र के परिक्षण का नेतृत्व  26 वर्षीय वैज्ञानिक कर रहा था ,जिसके परिणाम स्वरूप दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा परमाणु हादसा एक परिक्षण के दौरान हुआ,हालाँकि इस हादसे की जानकारी USSR ने दबाने की कोशिश की लेकिन हवा के बहाव से जब स्वीडन को पता चला और रिपोर्टिंग शुरू हुई तब USSR के वरिष्ठ अधिकारी ने इस पर कार्यवाही तेज की और बचाओ कार्य को गति बढ़ाई गयी।

◆ विकिरण प्रभाव ;
त्रासदी के बाद लगभग 10 दिनों तक संयंत्र जलता रहा और रेडियोसक्रिय संक्रमण प्रसारित होता रहा।
संयंत्र में हुए विस्फोट से 31 लोग तुरंत ही मारे गए. मगर सोवियत वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि संयंत्र में मौजूद 190 टन यूरेनियम डायऑक्साईड का चार प्रतिशत हिस्सा हवा में फैल गया। संक्रमित दूध पीने से कई बच्चे रेडियो सक्रिय आयोडीन से ग्रस्त हो गए और उन्हें थायराइड कैंसर जैसी बीमारियां हो गयी। फसल एवं मांस के उत्पाद संक्रमित हुए। जलीय जीव एवं मछली घटना स्थल से कुछ दूर ( 30 KM ) तक पाए जाने वाले जीव जंतु एवं पादप भी इस संक्रमण से प्रभावित हुए थे।


यह दुर्घटना अभी तक घटित उन 2 दुर्घटनाओ में से एक है जिसे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय परमाणु त्रासदी पैमाने पर सबसे ज्यादा अंक 7 मिले है (दूसरी दुर्घटना सन 2011 में जापान के फुकुशिमा में हुई है)|जिस परमाणु रिएक्टर में विस्फोट हुआ था उसे 1983 में बनाया गया था |

चेर्नोबिल परमाणु दुर्घटना जान और माल के लिहाज़ से परमाणु सयंत्र इतिहास में घटित सबसे बड़ी घटना माना जाता है | 

Savitri Bai phule : The Mother of Indian feminism ....

Savitri Bai phule was an Indian social reformer, educationalist, and poet from Maharashtra.

 She is regarded as the first female teacher of India. Along with her husband, Jyoti rao phule ,she played an important role in improving women's rights in India. She is regarded as the mother of Indian feminism

In this blog we will discuss about the early life and inspiring story of India's brave daughter and a inspiring lady .

EARLY LIFE ;   

Savitribai Phule was born on January 3, 1831 in the village of Naigaon in Satara district, Maharashtra.

Savitribai Phule was an eldest daughter of Lakshmi and Khandoji Neveshe Patil, both of whom belonged to the Mali Community.

MARRIGE ;

At the age of 10, Savitribai Phule was married to Jyotirao phule , born on the 11th of April 1827. At the time of their marriage, he was thirteen years old. Savitribai and Jotirao had no children of their own, but they adopted Yashawantrao, a son born to a Brahmin widow.

EDUCATION ;

At the time of her marriage, Savitribai Phule had not been educated because Brahmins forbade it for people of low caste and gender. 

Jyotirao was also forced temporarily to abandon his education because of his caste but eventually was able to enroll in a Scottish missionary school, where he studied to grade seven.

After seeing savitri's immense interest in studies ,Jotirao educated Savitribai at their home. After completing her primary education with Jotirao, her further education was the responsibility of his friends, Sakharam Yeshwant Paranjpe and Keshav Shivram Bhavalkar. She also enrolled in two teacher's training programs. The first was at institution run by an American Missionary, Cynthia Farrar, in Ahmednagar.

 The second course was at a Normal School in Pune. Given her training, Savitribai may have been the first Indian woman teacher and headmistress.

CAREER ;

After completing her teacher’s education, Savitribai Phule started teaching girls at the Maharwada in Pune. She did so alongside Sagunabai who was a revolutionary feminist as well as a mentor to Jyotirao. Not long after beginning to teach with Sagunabai, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule along with Sagunabai started their own school at Bhide Wada. Bhide Wada was the home of Tatya Saheb Bhide, who was inspired by the work that the trio was doing. The curriculum at Bhide Wada included traditional western curriculum of mathematics, science, and social studies. 

By the end of 1851, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were running three different schools for girls in Pune. Combined, the three schools had approximately one hundred and fifty students enrolled. The teaching method of jyotiba and savitri Bai was highly appreciated.

OTHER WORKS;

Savitribai Phule was also a prolific author and poet. She published Kavya Phule in 1854 and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar in 1892, and also a poem entitled "Go, Get Education" in which she encouraged those who are oppressed to free themselves by obtaining an education. As a result of her experience and work, she became an ardent feminist. She established the Mahila Seva Mandal to raise awareness for issues concerning women's rights. 

SOCIAL RESISTANCE ;

Unfortunately, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule’s success came with much resistance from the local community with conservative views. Kandukuri states that Savitribai often travelled to her school carrying an extra sari because she would be assailed by her conservative opposition with stones, dung, and verbal abuse. The Phules faced such strong opposition because of the conservative and marginalized caste to which they belonged. The Shudra community had been denied education for thousands of years. For this reason, many Sudras began to oppose Jyotirao and Savitribai’s work and labeled it as “evil”. This uproar was often instigated by the upper castes.

 Up until 1849, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were living at Jyotirao’s father’s home. However, in 1849, Jyotirao’s father, asked the couple to leave his home because their work was considered a sin in the Brahmanical texts.

Even after so much disturbances savitri didn't stopped .Together with her husband, she taught children from different castes and opened a total of 18 schools. The couple also opened a care centre called Balhatya Pratibandhak Grih (literally, "Child-killing Prohibition Home") for pregnant rape victims and helped deliver and save their children. She continued her work in welfare of society and women. 

DEATH ;

Savitribai died a heroic death trying to save the son of Pandurang Babaji Gaekwad. Upon learning that Gaekwad’s son had contracted the Plague in the Mahar settlement outside of Mundhwa, Savitribai Phule rushed to his side and carried him on her back to the hospital. 

In the process, Savitribai Phule caught the Plague and died at 9:00pm on the 10th of March, 1897.

LEGACY ;

Pune City Corporation created a memorial for her in 1983.

• In 2015, the University of Pune was renamed as Savitribai phule university in her honour.
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• On 10 March 1998 a stamp was released by Indian stamp in honour of Phule.

On 3 January 2017, the search engine Google marked the 188th anniversary of the birth of Savitribai Phule with a Google doddle.

Recently Prime Minister Narendra modi paid tribute to her contribution on her birthday.

Plato .....The school of western philosophy.

Plato is, by any reckoning, one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating, wide-ranging, and influential authors in the history of philosophy. 

An Athenian citizen of high status, he displays in his works his absorption in the political events and intellectual movements of his time, and readers of all the time are influenced by him .

EARLY LIFE ;

Due to a lack of surviving accounts, little is known about Plato's early life and education. Plato belonged to an Aristocratic and influential family.

The exact time and place of Plato's birth are unknown. Based on ancient sources, most modern scholars believe that he was born in Athens or Aegina between 429 and 423 BC, not long after the start of the Peloponnesian War.

His father's name was Aristione and mother's name was peristione.

Besides Plato himself, Ariston and Perictione had three other children; two sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon and a daughter Potone.The brothers Adeimantus and Glaucon are mentioned in the Republic as sons of Ariston,and presumably brothers of Plato, though some have argued they were uncles. In a scenario in the Memorabilia, Xenophon confused the issue by presenting a Glaucon much younger than Plato.

Ariston appears to have died in Plato's childhood, although the precise dating of his death is difficult. Perictione then married Pyrilampes, her mother's brother, who had served many times as an ambassador to the Persian court and was a friend of Pericles, the leader of the democratic faction in Athens.

Education

Ancient sources describe him as a bright though modest boy who excelled in his studies. Apulius informs us that Speusippus praised Plato's quickness of mind and modesty as a boy, and the "first fruits of his youth infused with hard work and love of study". He also excelled in grammer, music and gymnastics .

Plato and mathematics

Plato may have studied under the mathematician "Theodorus of Cyrene" and has a dialogue named for and whose central character is the mathematician Theatetus. While not a mathematician, Plato was considered an accomplished teacher of mathematics.

Plato and Socrates ;

Plato was one of the devoted young followers of Socrates. The precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars.

Plato never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues, and speaks as Socrates in all but the Laws. In the Second letter, it says, "no writing of Plato exists or ever will exist, but those now said to be his are those of a Socrates become beautiful and new"; if the Letter is Plato's, the final qualification seems to call into question the dialogues' historical fidelity.

Plato's philosophy ;

METAPHYSICS -

                            These include religion and science, human nature, love, and sexuality. More than one dialogue contrasts perception and reality,nature and custom, and body and soul.

THE FORMS -

                        According to this theory of Forms there are at least two worlds: the apparent world of concrete objects, grasped by the senses, which constantly changes, and an unchanging and unseen world of Forms or abstract objects, grasped by pure reason which ground what is apparent.

THE SOUL -

Plato advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the afterlife.

EPISTEMOLOGY -

Plato's epistemology involves Socrates arguing that knowledge is not empirical, and that it comes from divine insight. The Forms are also responsible for both knowledge or certainty, and are grasped by pure reason.

Recollection

In several of Plato's dialogues, Socrates promulgates the idea that knowledge is a matter of recollection of the state before one is born, and not of observation or study.

JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEFS-

Many have interpreted Plato as stating—even having been the first to write—that knowledge is justified true beliefs an influential view that informed future developments in epistemology.This interpretation is partly based on a reading of the Theaetetus wherein Plato argues that knowledge is distinguished from mere true belief by the knower having an "account" of the object of her or his true belief.

POLITICS -

The dialogues also discuss politics. Some of Plato's most famous doctrines are contained in the Republic as well as in the Laws and the Statesman. Because these doctrines are not spoken directly by Plato and vary between dialogues, they cannot be straightforwardly assumed as representing Plato's own views.

The appetite/spirit/reason are analogous to the castes of society.

• Productive (Workers) – the laborers, carpenters, plumbers, masons, merchants, farmers, ranchers, etc. These correspond to the "appetite" part of the soul.
• Protective (Warriors or Guardians) – those who are adventurous, strong and brave; in the armed forces. These correspond to the "spirit" part of the soul.
• Governing (Rulers or Philosopher Kings) – those who are intelligent, rational, self-controlled, in love with wisdom, well suited to make decisions for the community. 

According to this model, the principles of Athenian democracy (as it existed in his day) are rejected as only a few are fit to rule. 

NOTABLE WORKS

• Timaeus
• Symposium
• Gorgias
• Theatetus
• Crito
• Apology.                                                                                                                                                                    Plato’s Academy, founded in the 380s, was the ultimate ancestor of the modern university ., (hence the English term academic); an influential centre of research and learning, it attracted many men of outstanding ability. Although Plato was not a research mathematician, he was aware of the results of those who were, and he made use of them in his own work. For 20 years Aristotle was also a member of the Academy. He started his own school, the Lyceum, only after Plato’s death, when he was passed over as Plato’s successor at the Academy, probably because of his connections to the court of Macedonia.

UNWRITTEN DOCTRINES ;

The term "ἄγραφα δόγματα" literally means unwritten doctrines and it stands for the most fundamental metaphysical teaching of Plato, which he disclosed only orally, and some say only to his most trusted fellows, and which he may have kept secret from the public. The importance of the unwritten doctrines does not seem to have been seriously questioned before the 19th century.

A reason for not revealing it to everyone is partially discussed in Phaedrus where Plato criticizes the written transmission of knowledge as faulty, favoring instead the spoken logos "he who has knowledge of the just and the good and beautiful ... will not, when in earnest, write them in ink, sowing them through a pen with words, which cannot defend themselves by argument and cannot teach the truth effectually."

CRITICISM -

Despite Plato's prominence as a philosopher, he is not without criticism. The most famous criticism of Platonism is the Third man argument.Plato actually considered this objection with "large" rather than man in the Parmenides dialogue.

Many recent philosophers have diverged from what some would describe as the ontological models and moral ideals characteristic of traditional Platonism. A number of these postmodern philosophers have thus appeared to disparage Platonism from more or less informed perspectives.

LATER LIFE AND DEATH -

Throughout his later life, Plato became entangled with the politics of the city of Syracuse. According to Diogenes Laërtius, Plato initially visited Syracuse while it was under the rule of Diyonisius.During this first trip Dionysius's brother-in-law, Diyon of syracuse, became one of Plato's disciples, but the tyrant himself turned against Plato. Plato almost faced death, but he was sold into slavery. Then Anniceris bought Plato's freedom for twenty minas, and sent him home. After Dionysius's death, according to Plato's Seventh Letter, Dion requested Plato return to Syracuse to tutor Diyonisius II and guide him to become a philosopher king. Dionysius II seemed to accept Plato's teachings, but he became suspicious of Dion, his uncle. Dionysius expelled Dion and kept Plato against his will. Eventually Plato left Syracuse. Dion would return to overthrow Dionysius and ruled Syracuse for a short time before being usurped by cyracuse, a fellow disciple of Plato.

A variety of sources have given accounts of his death. One story, based on a mutilated manuscript, suggests Plato died in his bed, whilst a young Thracian girl played the flute to him. Another tradition suggests Plato died at a wedding feast. The account is based on Diogenes Laërtius's reference to an account by Hermippus, a third-century Alexandrian.According to Tertullian, Plato simply died in his sleep.

At last but not the least I would like to end my article with one of gem quotes of Plato -

"One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by your inferiors."

MAKE IN INDIA : PASS or FAIL

मेक इन इंडिया : - 

विचार : 15 अगस्त 2014 को प्रधानमंत्री के भाषण से जिसकी औपचारिक शुरुआत  सितम्बर 2014 में किया  गया।

लोगो : एक शेर जो अशोक चक्र से प्रेरित है ,भारत को हर क्षेत्र में सफलता को दर्शाता है।

प्रमुख क्षेत्र :ऑटोमोबाइल ,विमानन जैव प्रोद्यौगीकी ,इलेक्ट्रॉनिक ,फार्मासूटिकल ,IT ,मीडिया एवं मनोरंजन ,तेल और गैस ,बंदरगाह  शिपिंग ,नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा ,पर्यटन।

                                                   25 सितम्बर 2014 को भारत सरकार ने मेक इन इंडिया लांच किया इसका उद्देश्य भारत के विनिर्माण क्षेत्र को प्रोत्शाहन देना। विनिर्माण क्षेत्र न सिर्फ उत्पादन के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है बल्कि रोजगार एवं समावेशी विकाश के द्रष्टिकोण से भी महत्वपूर्ण है। 2014 में भारत का विनिर्माण क्षेत्र में योगदान मात्र 16 % था जो चीन के विनिर्माण के आधे से भी कम है।

इस कार्यकम के लांच होते ही विश्व जगत के निवेशकों ने काफी रूचि दिखाई जो 2015 में भारत FDI के लिए सबसे महत्वपूर्ण देश बनकर उभरा और चीन और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका को पीछे छोड़ दिया। 


लक्ष्य :
. विनिर्माण सेक्टर का योगदान जीडीपी में 16 % से बढ़ाकर 25 %योगदान  2022 तक करना ( बाद में 2025  कर दिया गया )
. विनिर्माण सेक्टर में 2022 तक 100 मिलियन रोजगार सृजन करना। 
. विनिर्माण क्षेत्र में 12 - 14 %  वार्षिक वृद्धि करना 
. नवाचार (इनोवेशन ) एवं उद्दमिता (एंटरप्रेनरशिप ) को बढ़ावा देना। 
. मुख्य वस्तुओं का विनिर्माण 2022 तक भारत में शुरू करना जिससे आयात में कमी लायी जा सके। 
. उत्पादन बढाकर कीमत में कमी लाना। 
   


कई समीक्षक इसका मूल्याङ्कन में मानते हैं की इस प्रकार के पहल के परिणाम आने में समय लगता है ,वहीँ कुछ का मानना है की यह फेल हो चुका है।


निम्न तीन मापदंडो से समीक्षा की जा सकती है-

1 . निवेश :-

इस उद्देश्य के शुरुआत में निवेशक ने रूचि दिखाई जिसके परिणामस्वरूप 2015 में वृद्धि देखि गयी और बाद में कमी देखने को मिलती है,कारण 2016 की नोटबंदी या 2017 का  जीएसटी प्रभाव में आना हो सकता ।
2013 -2014 में सकल स्थायी पूँजी निर्माण ( Gross fixed capital formation GFCF ) जीडीपी का  31. 3 % था वह 2017 -2018 में गिरकर 28. 6 % हो गया।

GFCF : सरकारी और निजी क्षेत्र की  कुल आय का विनिर्माण क्षेत्र में स्थायी  शुद्ध पूँजी व्यय का एक आकलन है ,जैसे मशीनरी ,वाहन ,रिहायशी  इमारतें आदि पर व्यय  शामिल है 

. इसका बढ़ना रोजगार और उत्पादन में वृद्धि का संकेत देता है जबकि कमी अर्थव्यवस्था में ठहराव और मंदी की ओर बढ़ने का संकेत देता है।
. GFCF में कमी का प्रमुख कारण आम जनता की बचत में कमी आना. हालाँकि प्राइवेट कॉर्पोरेट सेक्टर की बचत में वृद्धि के बावजूद निर्माण क्षेत्र में काम निवेश करना

2. इंडेक्स ऑफ़ इंडस्ट्रियल प्रोडक्शन (IIP) में कमी 

IIP किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था में वृद्धि की गुणात्मक अवस्था प्रदर्शित करता है ,जब कोई उद्द्योग अपने उत्पादन क्षमता ( यूनिट ) में हर वर्ष वृद्धि करके साथ नई यूनिट जोड़ता है ,लेकिन इसमें कमी आयी है। 2012 -2019 के बीच दो मौके ऐसे आये हैं जब वृद्धि दर दो आंकड़ों तक पहुँच गयी अन्यथा यह तीन प्रतिशत से भी काम रही है। 

3. रोजगार 

इस क्षेत्र में मेक इन इंडिया के तहत बहुत कुछ हांसिल नहीं हुआ। NSSO के आंकड़ों के अनुसार 45 साल में सर्वाधिक बेरोजगारी की खबरें सामने आयी हैं। 


परिणाम के कारण 

. विदेशी निवेश आने की बड़ी मात्रा में संभावना जो बहुत ज्यादा आकर्षित नहीं कर पाया क्योंकि हमारे यहाँ आर्थिक वातावरण ,श्रम कानून , पर्यावरणीय नियम ,आधारभूत संरचना आदि में कुछ कमियां रही जिससे FDI का प्रवाह बाधित हुआ।
. इस समय (2014 -2019 ) में वैश्विक मंदी का प्रभाव था जिससे मांग में कमी देखी गयी। वैश्विक ग्रोथ रेट 2.5 % के आसपास रही जो अच्छे संकेत नहीं थे ,
. नीतियों को जमीनी स्तर पर लागू करने का आभाव जिससे यह ,मात्र एक योजना बन कर रह गयी।
. विनिर्माण में 12-14 % वार्षिक वृद्धि का लक्ष्य अति महत्वकांक्षी  था जबकि विनिर्माण में भारत में वृद्धी सामान्यतः  3-4  % रहती आयी है।
. इसमें 25 सेक्टर शामिल किये गए जो नीति निर्माताओं ने संपूर्ण अर्थव्यवस्था को ही  समेटने का प्रयास किया जबकि चुनिंदा सेक्टरों का चयन कर आगे बढ़ने की जरूरत थी।
. संरक्षणवाद की बढ़ती वैश्विक नीति से भी प्रगति में बाधा उत्पन्न होने से प्रभावित हुआ।





वस्तुतः भारत ने व्यापर के माहौल को सुदृढ़ किया है जिससे ईज ऑफ़ डूइंग इंडेक्स में लगातार बेहतर  प्रदर्शन कर रहा है ,और निश्चित ही आगे अपनी  संवृद्धि का साक्षी होगा। अपनी 5 वर्ष की यात्रा में मेक इन इंडिया ने काफी कुछ रेल ,रक्षा उपकरण ,और मिसाइल आदि का निर्माण  किया है जो आगे इसके उज्जवल भविष्य की सम्भावनाओ को चमकदार बनाये रखेगा। 





(source:PIB)

SOCRATES -A MAN WHO DIED FOR HIS PRINCIPLES

Socrates was a Greek philosopher credited for his work on western philosophy and also assumed as founder of moral philosophy of the western ethical tradition of thoughts.

 EARLY LIFE  --

The year of birth of Socrates stated is an estimation ,as no reliable sources are found which could tell about his birth date . But it is assumed about period of years ranging 470 to 469 BC .

Socrates was born in alopoke and belonged to the tribe Antiochis . His father Sophroniscus was a sculptor or stonemason.

His mother , Phaenarete was a midwife .Socrates married Xanthippe ,who bore for him three sons Lamprocles,Sophroniscus and Menexenus .

CAREER --

Socrates first worked as a stonemason .As a youth he showed an appetite for learning. He started his career as a hoplite (foot soldier ).

 For a time , Socrates fulfilled the role of hoplite ,participating in the Peloponnesian war - a period spanning 431 to 404 BC . Several of Plato's dialogues refer to Socrates's military service.

Epistates at the trial of the six commanders--

During 406, he participated as a member of the Boule. His tribe the Antiochis held the Prytany on the day it was debated what fate should befall the generals of the Battle of the Arginusae, who abandoned the slain and the survivors of the foundered ships to pursue the defeated Spartan navy.

Trail And Death Of Socrates -

The tyrants were forced from power before they could punish Socrates, but in 399 he was indicted for failing to honor the Athenian gods  and for corrupting the young. Although some historians suggest that there may have been political machinations behind the trial, he was condemned on the basis of his thought and teaching. 

In his “The Apology of Socrates,” Plato recounts him mounting a spirited defense of his virtue before the jury but calmly accepting their verdict. It was in court that Socrates allegedly uttered the now-famous phrase, “the unexamined life is not worth living.”

His execution was delayed for 30 days due to a religious festival, during which the philosopher’s distraught friends tried unsuccessfully to convince him to escape from Athens. On his last day, Plato says, he “appeared both happy in manner and words as he died nobly and without fear.” He drank the cup of brewed hemlock his executioner handed him, walked around until his legs grew numb and then lay down, surrounded by his friends, and waited for the poison to reach his heart.

SOCRATES PHILOSOPHY  --

Although many of Aristophanes’ criticisms seem unfair, Socrates cut a strange figure in Athens, going about barefoot, long-haired and unwashed in a society with incredibly refined standards of beauty. It didn’t help that he was by all accounts physically ugly, with an upturned nose and bulging eyes. Despite his intellect and connections, he rejected the sort of fame and power that Athenians were expected to strive for. His lifestyle—and eventually his death—embodied his spirit of questioning every assumption about virtue, wisdom and the good life.

SOCRATES LEGACY  --

Socrates is unique among the great philosophers in that he is portrayed and remembered as a quasi-saint or religious figure. Indeed, nearly every school of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, from the Skeptics to the Stoics to the Cynics, desired to claim him as one of their own (only the Epicurians dismissed him, calling him “the Athenian buffoon”). Since all that is known of his philosophy is based on the writing of others, the Socratic problem, or Socratic question–reconstructing the philosopher’s beliefs in full and exploring any contradictions in second-hand accounts of them–remains an open question facing scholars today.

Socrates and his followers expanded the purpose of philosophy from trying to understand the outside world to trying to tease apart one’s inner values. His passion for definitions and hair-splitting questions inspired the development of formal logic and systematic ethics from the time of Aristotle through the Renaissance and into the modern era. Moreover, Socrates’ life became an exemplar of the difficulty and the importance of living (and if necessary dying) according to one’s well-examined beliefs.

 In his 1791 autobiography Benjamin Franklin reduced this notion to a single line: “Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates.”

क्यूरेटिव पिटीशन

क्यूरेटिव  पिटीशन (उपचारात्मक याचिका ):

एक बेगुनाह को मारना इंसानियत को मारने के बराबर  है ,भले ही हमने अपराध को खत्म करने के लिए अदालत का निर्माण किया ,पर इंसान  होने  के नाते गलती होना स्वाभाविक है 

सुप्रीम कोर्ट से दोषी करार व्यक्ति को फांसी की सजा से बचने के लिए उसके पास दो विकल्प  होते हैं :-

. दया याचिका ( यह राष्ट्रपति के पास लगायी जाती है )

. पुनर्विचार याचिका ( यह सुप्रीम कोर्ट में लगायी जाती है )

इन दोनों याचिकाओं के खारिज होने के बाद क्यूरेटिव पिटिशन का विकल्प बचता है हाल ही में निर्भया मामले से जुड़ा है। जिसे निर्भया मामले के मुख्य दोषी  में से एक विनय शर्मा ने  याचिका दायर की है ,जिसे दिल्ली के पटियाला हाउस कोर्ट ने मुख्य चारों (एक आरोपी ने आत्महत्या कर ली व एक आरोपी नाबालिग )आरोपी को  मौत की सजा सुनाई और  बाद में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने भी बरकरार रखा। 

निर्भया मामला : 16 दिसंबर 2012 को दिल्ली में चलती बस में 6 लोगो ने बलात्कार जैसी वीभत्स घटना अंजाम दिया जिसके चलते निर्भया की 29 दिसंबर 2012 को सिंगापुर में मौत हो गयी। 

क्यूरेटिव पिटीशन मात्र अपनी सुनिश्चित की गई  सजा में नरमी लाने के लिए है ,यह केवल आरोपी द्वारा  निर्णय में  चिन्हित मुद्दे पर ही याचिका दायर कर सकता है , जो  सुप्रीम कोर्ट की 5 जजो की बेंच सुनती है  

क्यूरेटिव पिटिशन का  संवैधानिक उल्लेख नहीं है इसकी  शुरुआत 2002 में रूपा हुरा बनाम अशोक हुरा केस से हुई। 

सुप्रीम कोर्ट से फैसला आने के बाद बिल्कुल अंतिम चरण में फैसला को बदलने या टालने की अपील की जा सकती है। 

$5 ट्रिलियन इकॉनमी :चैलेंजेज एंड सलूशन

 चर्चा में : हाल  ही में सरकार ने 

. नीति आयोग की बैठक में 2024 तक भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था को 5 ट्रिलियन डॉलर बनाने का लक्ष्य रखा 

. आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण 2018-19 और आम बजट 2019 -20  में सरकार ने अपनी मुख्य नीति के रूप में सामने रखा  और साथ ही रोडमैप तैयार किया

. 5  ट्रिलियन इकॉनमी  का अर्थ 350 लाख करोड़ की जीडीपी से है 

5 ट्रिलियन इकॉनमी एंड इंडिया :

 

किसी भी देश की जीडीपी से उस  देश की अर्थव्यवस्था  के आकर और स्थिति का अंदाजा लगाया  जा सकता है,

भारत की अर्थव्यवस्था का आकार 2014 में 1.8 ट्रिलियन डॉलर था ,जो 2019 में बढ़कर 2.7 ट्रिलियन डॉलर हो गया। 

अगले 5 साल में 84 %उत्पादन विस्तार में वृद्धि या 13 % चक्रवृद्धि वार्षिक संवृद्धि दर बनाये रखना होगा 

9 % की वास्तविक संवृद्धि दर की गति लक्ष्य के लिए  आवश्यक है 

रोडमैप :

. 5 सालो में बुनियादी सुविधाओं में 100 लाख करोड़ का निवेश करने का लक्ष्य 

. कारोबार सुगमता का माहौल बनाने के लिए केंद्र से लेकर जिला स्तर तक के प्रयास पर ज़ोर देना 

. प्राइवेट इन्वेस्टमेंट ,पब्लिक इन्वेस्टमेंट लोकल डिमांड और एक्सपोर्ट को बढ़ावा देना 

. विदेशी निवेश की सीमा आसान और शर्तें सरल करना 

. मेक इन इंडिया को बढ़वा देने के लिए कच्चे माल पर सीमा शुल्क काम करना और तैयार माल पर आयात सीमा शुल्क बढ़ाना 

. निजी निवेश की रफ़्तार बढ़ाने के साथ लागत कम करने पर ज़ोर देना 

चुनौतियाँ :

. ईज़ ऑफ़ लिविंग  के उच्च मानकों  के साथ तेज़ी से वृद्धि की चुनौती 

. मानसून की रफ़्तार से भारतीय कृषि पर बुरा असर 

. उपभोक्ता मांग और निवेश मांग में संतुलन स्थापित करना 

. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बाज़ारो में तेल की कीमतों पर उतार चढाव की स्थिति 

. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नीतियों और आधुनिक तकनीकों की वजह से भारत के आईटी सेक्टर की नौकरियों पर खतरा  

. unskilled लेबर force होने से भारत उन्हें आउटसोर्स न कर पाने और कार्यशील जनसँख्या को रोजगार न  प्रदान  कर पाने से बेरोजगारी और गरीबी बढ़ेगी जो अर्थव्यवस्था को प्रभावित करेगी 

आगे की राह :

. निवेश के लिए एक अनुकूल वातावरण बनाने की दरकार

. नीति निर्माताओं को सिर्फ निवेश आधारित ग्रोथ रेट पर भरोसा करने के बजाय अर्थव्यवस्था का वास्तविक मूल्याङ्कन करने घरेलु बचत पर निवेश दोनों पर ज़ोर देने की ज़रुरत है 

. जीडीपी में फिलहाल सर्विस सेक्टर मैन्युफैक्चरिंग कृषि निर्वाण और खनन जैसे क्षेत्रो जो अर्थव्यवस्था पर बड़ा हिस्सा रखते हैं इनमे आर्थिक वृद्धी तेज करने क लिए निवेश 

. ईज् ऑफ़ लिविंग को बेहतर बनाना 

. डिज़ाइन फंडिंग और गवर्नेंस पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत 

. महंगाई दर 4 % के आसपास रखना 

एशिया में अर्थव्यवस्था के प्रदर्शन को देखें तो चीन 2003 -2007 के बीच में 11.7 %की वृद्धि से और दक्षिण कोरिया 1983 -87 के बीच में 11 % की वृद्धि दर्ज की थी। इस हिसाब से भारत को 9 % से वृद्धि करना काल्पनिक या अवास्तविक नहीं हैं।